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Ravi negligently rear-ended Lena's car at low speed in a parking lot. Most drivers would have suffered only soreness from the impact. Lena, however, had a rare spinal condition that made her vertebrae unusually fragile. The collision caused a compression fracture requiring surgery. Before the crash, Lena could work full time as a dental hygienist but avoided lifting heavy objects. After surgery, she could work only half time and needed periodic pain treatment.
Ravi admits breach and admits that the collision caused some injury, but argues that he should pay only for ordinary whiplash because Lena's severe injury was unforeseeable. Ravi also argues that Lena cannot recover for any work limitation because she already had a spinal condition before the crash.
Analyze causation and damages. Identify which losses Lena may recover and any limits on recovery.