Authentication
Authentication Evidence Evidence Authentication Complete Evidence List EvidenceThis topic appears in the UBE 2026 Rules Library master list under Evidence.AuthenticationUse this entry as the rule-review checkpoint for Au...
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Authentication and Writings / Authentication
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Authentication and Writings / Best Evidence Rule
Evidence Best Evidence Rule Authentication and Writings Authentication and Writings / Best Evidence Rule Authentication and Writings Best Evidence Rule Authentication and Writings / Best Evidence Rule
A driver sues a trucking company after a collision. Driver offers a photograph of the intersection taken by Driver's...
A driver sues a trucking company after a collision. Driver offers a photograph of the intersection taken by Driver's spouse the next morning. Driver did not take the photo but testifies that the photo fairly and accur...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1)
After a recorded phone call is offered at trial, Witness testifies that she recognizes Defendant's voice because she...
...ent is most accurate? The correct answer applies voice-identification authentication. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(5)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(5)
At trial, Plaintiff offers a letter allegedly written by Defendant. Defendant denies writing it. Plaintiff offers cir...
...l evidence linking Defendant to the letter. What is the basic federal authentication standard? The correct answer states the basic authentication threshold. Fed. R. Evid. 901(a)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(a)
Buyer offers an email from Seller's usual business address accepting a delivery delay. The email uses Seller's intern...
Buyer offers an email from Seller's usual business address accepting a delivery delay. The email uses Seller's internal project nickname, responds to a prior message in the same thread, and mentions a price concession...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(4)
Customer sues Grocery after slipping near a freezer case. Customer offers three cell-phone photographs taken by her s...
...d show employees mopping after the fall. How should the court analyze authentication of the photographs and video? Discuss the role of a witness with knowledge, process or system evidence, chain-of-custody concerns, and...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(a), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(9), Fed. R. Evid. 106
Defendant offers payroll records with a signed certification from the company's records custodian reciting the elemen...
...ds. Which statement is most accurate? The correct answer applies self-authentication of certified business records. Fed. R. Evid. 902(11), Fed. R. Evid. 803(6)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 902(11), Fed. R. Evid. 803(6)
Developer sues Investor for breach of a written funding agreement. Developer offers screenshots of text messages from...
...olled it. Investor objects to both sets of communications for lack of authentication. How should the court analyze authentication of the texts and the social-media message? Discuss the Rule 901 standard, distinctive char...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(a), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(4)
In a federal contract action, Plaintiff offers a signed personal guarantee. The guarantee includes a witness signatur...
In a federal contract action, Plaintiff offers a signed personal guarantee. The guarantee includes a witness signature, but the substantive law governing the guarantee does not require a subscribing witness for validi...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 903
In a fraud trial, the government offers a handwritten note allegedly written by Defendant. A neighbor who exchanged h...
...nt is most accurate? The correct answer applies nonexpert handwriting authentication. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(2)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(2)
In a land dispute, Plaintiff offers a zoning map obtained from the city planning office, where such maps are kept und...
...statement is most accurate? The correct answer applies public-record authentication. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(7)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(7)
In a toxic-exposure case, Plaintiff offers a digital sensor report showing chemical levels in a warehouse. A technici...
...produces accurate readings when properly maintained. What is the best authentication theory? The correct answer applies Rule 901(b)(9). Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(9)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(9)
Landlord sues Tenant for unpaid rent under a handwritten lease extension. Tenant denies signing the extension. Landlo...
...forged the signature and made the call. How should the court analyze authentication of the handwritten extension and the recorded call? Discuss handwriting familiarity, comparison, voice identification, telephone-call c...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(a), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(2), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(3), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(5), Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(6)
Lender sues Founder on a personal guarantee after Startup defaults. Founder denies being present when the guarantee w...
...ng substantive law requires attestation. How should the court analyze authentication of the GPS report, access log, forensic certification, and signed guarantee? Discuss process or system evidence, electronic-data self-a...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(9), Fed. R. Evid. 902(13), Fed. R. Evid. 902(14), Fed. R. Evid. 903
Manufacturer sues Supplier after a batch of pressure valves failed. Manufacturer offers: (1) a certified copy of a st...
...tic, the statements in them are hearsay. How should the court analyze authentication and self-authentication for each item? Discuss any notice or certification requirements and distinguish authentication from hearsay. Th...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 902, Fed. R. Evid. 803(6), Fed. R. Evid. 803(8)
Purchaser calls the number listed on Supplier's invoices. The person answering says, "Supplier parts desk," discusses...
...statement is most accurate? The correct answer applies telephone-call authentication for business calls. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(6)
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(6)
Developer sues City over a disputed easement. Developer offers a certified copy of a recorded 1988 deed from the coun...
...or compared copies, reasonable diligence, and any separate hearsay or authentication issues. This essay tests proof of the contents of public records under the best evidence rules. Fed. R. Evid. 1002, Fed. R. Evid. 1005...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 1002, Fed. R. Evid. 1005, Fed. R. Evid. 902
WarehouseCo sues Driver for damaging a loading dock. Driver denies being near the dock at the time. WarehouseCo offer...
...tion of a statement, nonhearsay uses, hearsay within hearsay, and any authentication or limiting-instruction issues. This essay tests the definition of a statement, machine output, commands, verbal acts, and layered hear...
Citations: Fed. R. Evid. 801(a), Fed. R. Evid. 801(c), Fed. R. Evid. 805, Fed. R. Evid. 901
Bias
...nceLegal RelevanceCharacter EvidenceOther Crimes, Wrongs, or ActsHabitAuthenticationBest Evidence RuleWitness CompetencyLay OpinionExpert OpinionImpeachmentRehabilitationPrior Inconsistent StatementsPrior Consistent Stat...
Habit
...nceLegal RelevanceCharacter EvidenceOther Crimes, Wrongs, or ActsHabitAuthenticationBest Evidence RuleWitness CompetencyLay OpinionExpert OpinionImpeachmentRehabilitationPrior Inconsistent StatementsPrior Consistent Stat...
Hearsay
...nceLegal RelevanceCharacter EvidenceOther Crimes, Wrongs, or ActsHabitAuthenticationBest Evidence RuleWitness CompetencyLay OpinionExpert OpinionImpeachmentRehabilitationPrior Inconsistent StatementsPrior Consistent Stat...
Relevance
...nceLegal RelevanceCharacter EvidenceOther Crimes, Wrongs, or ActsHabitAuthenticationBest Evidence RuleWitness CompetencyLay OpinionExpert OpinionImpeachmentRehabilitationPrior Inconsistent StatementsPrior Consistent Stat...